Article: The political effects of Xβs feed algorithm
Abstract: Feed algorithms are widely suspected to influence political attitudes. However, previous evidence from switching off the algorithm on Meta platforms found no political effects1. Here we present results from a 2023 field experiment on Elon Muskβs platform X shedding light on this puzzle. We assigned active US-based users randomly to either an algorithmic or a chronological feed for 7βweeks, measuring political attitudes and online behaviour. Switching from a chronological to an algorithmic feed increased engagement and shifted political opinion towards more conservative positions, particularly regarding policy priorities, perceptions of criminal investigations into Donald Trump and views on the war in Ukraine. In contrast, switching from the algorithmic to the chronological feed had no comparable effects. Neither switching the algorithm on nor switching it off significantly affected affective polarization or self-reported partisanship. To investigate the mechanism, we analysed usersβ feed content and behaviour. We found that the algorithm promotes conservative content and demotes posts by traditional media. Exposure to algorithmic content leads users to follow conservative political activist accounts, which they continue to follow even after switching off the algorithm, helping explain the asymmetry in effects. These results suggest that initial exposure to Xβs algorithm has persistent effects on usersβ current political attitudes and account-following behaviour, even in the absence of a detectable effect on partisanship.
Figure 2. ITT estimates of feed-setting changes on engagement and political attitudes. ITT effect estimates of switching the algorithm on and off (in s.d.). Left, effect of moving from the chronological to the algorithmic feed for users initially on the chronological feed. Right, effect of moving in the opposite direction for users initially on the algorithmic feed. For each outcome, the results of two specifications are reported. Blue, unconditional estimates with robust s.e., controlling only for the initial feed setting and, where applicable, pre-treatment outcome levels. Orange: conditional estimates, controlling for pre-treatment covariates using GRFs; 90% and 95% CIs are reported. Numerical effect sizes and Pβvalues correspond to the conditional estimates (all tests are two-sided). The unit of observation is respondent. From top to bottom, sample sizes are nβ=β4,965, nβ=β3,337, nβ=β4,965, nβ=β4,965, nβ=β4,596, nβ=β4,596 and nβ=β4,850. Tests are described in Methods. Supplementary Information Table 2.16 reports the exact numerical point estimates, s.e., CIs and sample sizes for every specification. All outcomes are standardized. Additional results are presented in Supplementary Information section 2. PCA, first principal component from principal component analysis.
X's algorithm is in fact doing what you think it's doing. www.nature.com/articles/s41...
18.02.2026 17:24
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DEARLY BELOVED.
WE ARE GATHERED HERE TODAY TO
DISMANTLE THIS THING CALLED ICE
Minneapolis for the win.
09.02.2026 12:44
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I donβt want this to get lost in the conversation - the light blue Puerto Rican flag is our original flag. It was designed to match the light blue in Cubaβs flag. This is the flag that was banned.
Yes, it has been adopted as a symbol of independence, but thatβs not its only history.
09.02.2026 05:36
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So many errors and misconceptions are running around as facts on this site. Iβm begging people to talk to an actual Puerto Rican
09.02.2026 05:27
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So many errors and misconceptions are running around as facts on this site. Iβm begging people to talk to an actual Puerto Rican
09.02.2026 05:27
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I felt something visceral when I saw those power poles, and everything they meant. What an incredible publicβfuck youβ to our incompetent government. Iβm so proud π΅π·
09.02.2026 03:57
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No Kings includes Draft Kings
08.02.2026 23:49
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ICE is now responsible for 66% of the homicides in Minneapolis this year.
24.01.2026 16:51
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We don't have to live like this.
07.01.2026 17:59
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Thereβs kanopy, and thereβs also hoopla, which also has audiobooks and music. My library has both!
12.12.2025 22:24
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just having access to Kanopy through a local library gives you instant access so many new and classic movies!
12.12.2025 21:52
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charred
11.12.2025 20:12
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**Important: Graduate WORKERS union
13.11.2025 20:03
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WE WON!!!!
The Penn State Graduate Student Union is now the second largest public sector union in Pennsylvania!!!!
13.11.2025 19:38
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βTell your children who the cowards were.β
27.10.2025 22:19
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Windows 98 Plus! - Underwater
08.10.2025 13:07
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bad bunny on stage at his residency in Puerto Rico , a giant Puerto Rican flag is displayed on the ceiling
14.09.2025 03:11
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π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·π΅π·
08.09.2025 21:31
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05.09.2025 18:25
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who
26.08.2025 23:52
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Trans people are worth protecting. Not because we are amazing people (although we are) or because we offer a great deal to society (although we do) or because we are fine as hell (we are). We are worth protecting because we are HUMAN BEINGS, and itβs amazing how often that simple fact is forgotten.
20.08.2025 00:26
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19.08.2025 20:02
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Those of us in STEM must vocally affirm that the humanities are our allies, and no department is expendable. Arguing we can survive by cutting whole disciplines isnβt just inhumane, itβs nonsensical. The humanities tell us why weβre here in the first place, and what to do about it! This isnβt hard!
14.08.2025 13:01
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Managed to lasso this stunning Puerto Rican blue-tailed ameiva (Pholidoscelis wetmorei) yesterday! π¦π
11.07.2025 16:59
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why arenβt his ears tan?
08.07.2025 14:48
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This season has such bad vibes!
07.07.2025 17:52
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Two blue footed boobies walk in unison on sandy, grassy ground
Maybe he just likes the birds
04.07.2025 20:11
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I donβt think anyone is prepared for what they just did w/ ICE.
This is not a simple budget increase. It is an explosion - making ICE bigger than the FBI, US Bureau of Prisons, DEA,& others combined.
It is setting up to make whatβs happening now look like childβs play. And people are disappearing.
03.07.2025 18:58
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Jason Stanley, philosopher and expert on fascism said βYou know you're living in a fascist society when you're constantly going over in your head the reasons why YOU are safe.β
03.07.2025 05:09
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