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Sang-Ki Lee

@sklee621

Physical oceanographer at NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami FL. The contents of my posts are mine personally.

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09.02.2024
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Latest posts by Sang-Ki Lee @sklee621

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The Stratospheric Metronome of Global Weather Is Fading Under Global Warming This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “The disappearing quasi-biennial oscillation under sustained global warming” by Luo et al. (2026). Luo et al. (2026) …

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a reliable pulse in the tropical stratosphere, a critical predictor of global weather. A new study shows that the QBO may collapse under sustained global warming, thereby disrupting our ability to predict global weather. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/03/04/t...

04.03.2026 12:29 👍 5 🔁 5 💬 0 📌 0

One caveat is that a northward shift in satellite data is linked to a strengthening (not a weakening) of the Gulf Stream often driven by (+) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). So, it is premature to say that the shifting is already happening. 🌊🧪

03.03.2026 22:56 👍 3 🔁 0 💬 0 📌 0
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Shifting Gulf Stream is the First Alarm for a Collapsing Atlantic Circulation This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Abrupt Gulf Stream path changes are a precursor to a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation” by…

A high-resolution climate model study suggests that a northward shift in the Gulf Stream is the first sign of a potential AMOC collapse: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/03/03/s...

03.03.2026 19:01 👍 17 🔁 9 💬 1 📌 2
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The Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Current are synchronized The atmospheric jet stream helps to synchronize variations in the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio.

This conclusion is also consistent with an earlier study by Kohyama et al. (2021, Science): www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...

01.03.2026 14:20 👍 5 🔁 1 💬 0 📌 0
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Carbon Dioxide Overload: Why Human Blood is Becoming More Acidic This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Carbon dioxide overload, detected in human blood, suggests a potentially toxic atmosphere within 50 years” by Larcom…

A new article shows why rising atmospheric CO2 is acidifying our blood and weakening our skeleton - the human (and animal) biological equivalent of "ocean acidification". 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/03/01/c...

01.03.2026 14:05 👍 71 🔁 33 💬 4 📌 15
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The Great Ocean Sync: How Melting Arctic Ice Links the World’s Most Powerful Currents This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Evolving synchronization of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension in a changing climate” by Joh et al. (202…

Have you noticed synchronized SST anomalies between the Pacific and Atlantic in global maps? It’s not a coincidence. According to a new study in Science Advances by Joh et al. (2026), this "oceanic handshake" is directly linked to the retreat of Arctic sea ice. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/03/01/t...

01.03.2026 12:20 👍 43 🔁 20 💬 3 📌 2
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Cold Bias Stalls Kuroshio Engine for the Powerful Storms Hitting the North American West Coast This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “North Pacific model biases influence Kuroshio Extension atmospheric circulation patterns” by Song et al. (2026). A n…

A GRL paper by Song et al.(2026) shows that cold bias in coupled models stalls Kuroshio engine for the powerful storms hitting the North American west coast: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/27/c...

27.02.2026 17:04 👍 5 🔁 1 💬 0 📌 0
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The November Surprise: Why Caribbean Hurricanes are Doubling in Intensity and Frequency This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Recent Increasing Trend in October–November Caribbean Tropical Cyclone Activity” by Klotzbach. (2026). This research…

A new GRL article by Klotzbach et al. (2026) explains why the late-season Caribbean hurricane frequency has doubled in the past 20 years. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/24/t...

24.02.2026 12:10 👍 10 🔁 3 💬 1 📌 0
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More Pixels Solved the Pacific Ocean’s Cooling Mystery This blog post and the “Km-scale coupled simulation and model–observation SST trend discrepancy” by Kang et al. (2026). This research article investigates why traditional climate models fail to rep…

A new study used a 5-10km spatial resolution climate model to explain why traditional climate models (e.g., CMIP6 models) fail to reproduce the observed cooling trend in the tropical Pacific. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/24/m...

24.02.2026 11:51 👍 6 🔁 2 💬 1 📌 0
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Why the South Atlantic is Key to Monitoring the Future Weakening of the AMOC This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Rainfall sustains multiyear La Niña” by Tian et al. (2026). This research investigates how the Atlantic Meridional O…

A study suggests that the South Atlantic is the ideal location to monitor the future weakening of the AMOC. This is because the short-term natural variability in the North Atlantic is effectively filtered out in the South. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/21/w...

21.02.2026 12:39 👍 31 🔁 8 💬 1 📌 0
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How Dry Skies Sustain Multiyear La Niña This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Rainfall sustains multiyear La Niña”  by Tian et al. (2026). This research investigates how rainfall-induced salinit…

A new study proposes that La Nina-induced rainfall reduction in the western-central equatorial Pacific drives the 2nd-year La Nina. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/19/h...

19.02.2026 11:43 👍 5 🔁 3 💬 0 📌 0

Thank you!

17.02.2026 14:10 👍 1 🔁 0 💬 0 📌 0

Sorry. This WP article is behind the paywall, and I have no subscription to WP.

17.02.2026 13:56 👍 0 🔁 0 💬 1 📌 0
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A Washington Post reporter was onboard the F.G. Walton Smith with a team of oceanographers from NOAA's AOML and the University of Miami: "At about 4 a.m., oceanographer Denis Volkov, right, checks in on Jay Hooper, who helps the team with data management" 🌊🧪 www.washingtonpost.com/climate-envi...

17.02.2026 13:54 👍 6 🔁 2 💬 1 📌 0
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The Barents Sea – Arctic Engine Powering the Global Meridional Overturning Circulation This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “The Arctic overturning circulation: transformations, pathways and timescales” by Dörr et al. (2026). Dörr et a…

This new article suggests that surface heat loss over the Barents Sea is the primary driver (or source) of dense water formation in the Arctic region and its contribution to the deep southward branch of the AMOC. 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/12/t...

12.02.2026 13:44 👍 9 🔁 1 💬 0 📌 0
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A 40-Year Hindcast Archive of U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Storm Surge and Wave from Landfalling Hurricanes This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on a preprint article “Tropical cyclone-driven storm surge and wave database for the US North Atlantic and Gulf coastlin…

A new preprint article describes a 40-year hindcast archive of U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Storm Surge and Wave from Landfalling Hurricanes: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/10/a...

10.02.2026 12:26 👍 7 🔁 3 💬 0 📌 0
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The Indian Ocean–Land–Atmosphere (IOLA)‐Coupled Mesoscale Prediction Framework for Inland Severe Weather and Coastal Hazards Forecasting For seamless prediction of severe weather across scales, we developed the Indian Ocean–Land–Atmosphere (IOLA) Coupled Regional Prediction System. Extensive testing demonstrates that IOLA significantl...

A new paper led by Sundararaman Gopalakrishnan, a senior scientist at NOAA's AOML, reports a fully-coupled regional forecast system for predicting severe weather and coastal hazards in South Asia: 🌊🧪 rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...

07.02.2026 12:09 👍 9 🔁 2 💬 1 📌 1
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Scientists Urge International Cooperation to Mitigate a Catastrophic AMOC Failure This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “A Nordic Perspective on AMOC Tipping: Impacts and Strategies for Prevention and Governance” by Nummelin et al. (2026…

Nordic research council urges international cooperation to mitigate an AMOC failure: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/05/s...

05.02.2026 12:21 👍 19 🔁 15 💬 0 📌 4
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Local Winds Shape the South Atlantic Bight’s Hidden Marine Ecosystem This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Wind control of the interannual ocean-biogeochemical variability in the South Atlantic Bight.” by Gomez et al. (2026…

Our new study led by Fabian Gomez shows that local winds shape the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) primary productivity and acidity: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/02/04/l...

04.02.2026 12:21 👍 6 🔁 4 💬 0 📌 0
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Steering the Deep Atlantic Conveyor Belt: The Role of the Eastern Arctic’s Eurasian Basin This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Impacts of eastern Arctic Eurasian Basin water mass properties on the AMOC and Beaufort Sea Atlantic water layer.” b…

A new study shows that the densest abyssal water flowing into the subpolar Atlantic actually originates in the eastern Arctic Eurasian basin, and it is absent in climate models: 🌊 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/29/s...

29.01.2026 12:34 👍 4 🔁 2 💬 0 📌 0
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CTD/LADCP package for WBTS 27°N cruise is ready for deployment on the fantail of the R/V F. G. Walton Smith. From NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) in Miami, Florida.

22.01.2026 12:48 👍 2 🔁 0 💬 1 📌 0
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A 20-Year Record of the Subpolar AMOC: Key Findings from the SCOTIA Program This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “The Scotland-Canada overturning array (SCOTIA): twenty years of meridional overturning in the subpolar North Atlanti…

A new preprint article based on the 20-year record of SCOTIA observing array indicates that the subpolar AMOC is holding steady: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/19/a...

19.01.2026 19:10 👍 23 🔁 11 💬 0 📌 0
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A Stalling Engine: How “Shoaling” of the Ocean’s Conveyor Belt Accelerates the Decline of Ocean Heat Transport This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Future Shoaling of the AMOC and Its Impact on Oceanic Heat Transport to the Subpolar North Atlantic” by Lee et al. (…

The AMOC is getting shallower—a process called "shoaling". Our new paper in Geophysical Research Letters explores why the depth of the overturning matters just as much as its strength for North Atlantic heat transport: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/14/a...

14.01.2026 12:26 👍 22 🔁 12 💬 0 📌 3
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Four primary “engines” of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by Google Gemini Pro and NotebookLM, provide a brief summary of the four primary “engines” of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Cir…

Labrador Sea, Irminger Sea, Iceland Basin, & Nordic Seas, the four primary engines of the AMOC: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/13/f...

13.01.2026 17:57 👍 12 🔁 9 💬 0 📌 0
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Nordic Seas are the Primary Driver of the AMOC This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “Volume, Heat, and Freshwater Divergences in the Subpolar North Atlantic Suggest the Nordic Seas as Key to the State …

The Nordic Seas release significantly more heat into the atmosphere than the subpolar and Labrador regions combined, and contribute 8.8 Sv of dense water to the AMOC's lower limb (roughly a half of the total): 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/13/n...

13.01.2026 16:13 👍 10 🔁 4 💬 0 📌 0
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The Tail Wags the Dog: How the ‘Quiet’ Labrador Sea Sets the Rhythm for a Critical Atlantic Current This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “An outsized role for the Labrador Sea in the multidecadal variability of the Atlantic overturning circulation” by Ye…

A high-resolution ocean modeling study demonstrates that Labrador Sea buoyancy forcing remains a primary driver of AMOC's multidecadal variability: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/12/t...

12.01.2026 14:28 👍 8 🔁 3 💬 1 📌 0
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Oceanic Slow-Lane: Why the Subtropical Gyre Holds the Key to How the ITCZ Responds to AMOC Slowdown This blog post, created by NotebookLM, is based on “On the Atlantic extratropical-tropical teleconnection in response to external freshwater forcing” by Joshi an Zhang (2026). This research study u…

A study shows that the North Atlantic subtropical gyre holds the key to how the ITCZ responds to AMOC slowdown: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/12/o...

12.01.2026 13:45 👍 9 🔁 6 💬 0 📌 0

After speaking with a senior sea-going oceanographer, I realized I needed to tweak the intro. It turns out earlier hydrographic studies, like Pickart and Spall (2007), show the Labrador Sea plays a smaller direct role in the AMOC than is often assumed.

12.01.2026 12:33 👍 0 🔁 0 💬 0 📌 0
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Why Labrador Sea Convection Doesn’t Drive The AMOC: A Simple Explanation The oceanography community is deeply engaged in a debate about how much weight the Labrador Sea actually carries in maintaining the Atlantic Overturning Circulation (AMOC) system. According to the …

Convection ≠ Overturning: Why Labrador Sea convection doesn’t drive the AMOC: A simple explanation 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/10/w...

10.01.2026 17:36 👍 24 🔁 8 💬 2 📌 0
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North Atlantic Ocean Is Aging Fast This blog post and the “Deep Dive” podcast, created by NotebookLM, are based on “North Atlantic ventilation change over the past three decades is potentially driven by climate change” by Guo et al.…

The North Atlantic is aging fast and losing its breath, new study finds: 🌊🧪 ocean2climate.org/2026/01/10/n...

10.01.2026 14:53 👍 25 🔁 13 💬 1 📌 2