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Conan MacDougall

@conanmacdougall

Professor of Clinical Pharmacy @UCSFPharmacy, Infectious Diseases Pharmacist | Evidence-informed Instructional Design, Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy | Hiking, Backpacking, Boston Celtics Basketball

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21.11.2024
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Latest posts by Conan MacDougall @conanmacdougall

Duration of therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia โ€“ a post hoc subgroup analysis from the BALANCE randomized controlled trial Despite the clinical significance of P. aeruginosa bacteremia, the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy is unclear. We aimed to explore the association of antibiotic duration on mortality in hospitalized patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia.MethodsThis study was a post hoc analysis of all patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia included in the BALANCE randomized controlled trial comparing 7 versus 14 days of antibiotic therapy for bacteremia. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Unadjusted risk differences [RDs] with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] for outcomes were calculated for patients randomized to 7 versus 14 days of treatment. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate independent predictors of mortality.ResultsAmong 157 patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia, 74 were randomized to 7 days antibiotic treatment, and 83 to 14 days. Patients in the 7-day group were more likely to be men and acquire infection in hospital. Crude mortality at 90 days in the intention-to-treat population was 22/74 (29.7%) in the 7-day group versus 17/83 (20.5%) in the 14-day group (risk difference 9.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.8 to 23.2). Age was associated with 90-day mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.09), but randomization group (7 or 14 days) was not (OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.66-3.27).ConclusionsAmong patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia included in an international trial testing duration of antibiotic treatment, no significant difference in mortality was demonstrated between 7 vs 14 days of antibiotic therapy; however, a limited sample size precludes a conclusion of non-inferiority, benefit or harm.

Study on 157 pts with P. aeruginosa bacteremia: 90-day mortality ~30% (7-day ABX) vs ~21% (14-day); no sig diff in mortality (OR 1.47) but sample size limited.๐Ÿฆ โš–๏ธ

05.03.2026 00:30 ๐Ÿ‘ 2 ๐Ÿ” 2 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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#IDsky sharing one of the Stanford's ID fellow's meded site infectiousdiseasehub.com #idmeded #meded

26.02.2026 00:33 ๐Ÿ‘ 2 ๐Ÿ” 2 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

We talked about PEN-FAST in class today so I sent the clip to my students!

13.02.2026 05:17 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

Sounds like an exciting tool for OPAT! But I gotta say as a pharmacist seeing โ€œIV Ensureโ€ just seems like an order you would see in the hospital in Julyโ€ฆ

09.01.2026 03:49 ๐Ÿ‘ 3 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

Pull-up bars in the airport is only the start! Next we replace the plane seats with individual pull-up bars! What better way to use otherwise wasted time flying! Plus the airlines can pack more people in! Worried about turbulence? Nah, thatโ€™s just an opportunity to work on your core strength!

11.12.2025 19:17 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Combination of Amoxicillin 3000 mg and Probenecid Versus 1500 mg Amoxicillin Monotherapy for Treating Syphilis in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Non... In this open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial, amoxicillin-based treatments showed high efficacy for treating early and late syphilis a

Optimal dosing strategy not clear, but pretty good success rates >90% with amoxicillin. I think in the era of PenG shortage, amox needs to 1) be expedited as an RCT compared to PenG; 2) considered an alternative with doxy

academic.oup.com/cid/article/...

10.12.2025 14:46 ๐Ÿ‘ 8 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 2 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

(Whether 62.5mg of clavulanate per dose is going be useful against any beta lactamase producer besides some wimpy H flu is a different story, and maybe 2g amox is only tolerable because thereโ€™s so little clav with it)

11.12.2025 06:15 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

3/3: Approved dose of 4g/d of amox vs <2g/d with Augmentin 875 BID? Like it. Prolonged plasma concentrations to allow real Bid dosing? Sign me up. What do others think? Anybody an XR user? Was it well tolerated? Worth the likely price premium vs non-XR? Any chance at contemporary PKPD studies? (Ha)

11.12.2025 06:09 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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FDA approves US-manufactured antibiotic under new priority review program The approval of Augmentin XR is the first under the Commissioner's National Priority Voucher Program.

2/x TID is more serious but nobody likes TID even for short course. Into this breach apparently will be coming the revival of Augmentin XR: www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobia.... I admit to rarely using when it was available, but it seems like a useful tool:

11.12.2025 06:09 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

1/x: Mildly spicy take is that Augmentin 875 BID for serious infections is less โ€œmop-upโ€ and more like the generic brand paper towel that dissolves in the Bounty commercials. If it works itโ€™s likely because you didnโ€™t need it at all, because the PKPD is wishful thinking.

11.12.2025 06:09 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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The Brigham and Women's PGY2 Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Residency is recruiting for the 2026-27 year! Scan the second QR code below to schedule an on-demand meeting with program leadership and current residents

01.12.2025 15:30 ๐Ÿ‘ 3 ๐Ÿ” 2 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Volume 232 Issue Supplement_3 | The Journal of Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic An official journal of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Publishes research results on microbiology, immunology, and epidemiology; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseas...

Excited to see the โ€œAdvances in Influenza Therapeuticsโ€ supplement out in @jidjournal.bsky.social - led by Fred Hayden and Rich Whitley, this supplement reviews what we know about antivirals and how they should be used for influenza.

academic.oup.com/jid/issue/23...

20.10.2025 18:26 ๐Ÿ‘ 5 ๐Ÿ” 3 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy Specialist - University of California San Francisco - Job Details Job Details: The Department of Pharmaceutical Services provides a full range of services for patients cared for by the Medi

Come work as an ID pharmacist at @ucsfhealth.bsky.social! See the craziest cases, collaborate with the coolest pharmacists and physicians, teach trainees from pharmacy students to ID fellows!

sjobs.brassring.com/TGnewUI/Sear...

10.10.2025 14:20 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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a computer screen displays greetings professor falken hello and a strange game ALT: a computer screen displays greetings professor falken hello and a strange game
29.09.2025 22:52 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

I first read it as โ€œEpicpocalypseโ€ and thought it was a game about adopting EPIC as your EMR and thought โ€œhey thatโ€™s spot-on!โ€

29.09.2025 22:49 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

โ€œYou say youโ€™ve โ€™done your researchโ€™ but have you done your โ€˜Responsible Conduct of Researchโ€™?โ€

26.09.2025 01:46 ๐Ÿ‘ 3 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Linezolid-related Optic Nerve Disorders: Insight from a Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System AbstractObjective. Linezolid is a crucial oxazolidinone used to treat multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections; however, it is associated with optic ne

In OFID, Yuki Nakano and colleagues investigate the signals and characterize the clinical features of optic nerve disorders related to oxazolidinones using the FAERS database. https://academic.oup.com/ofid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ofid/ofaf520/8242009

09.09.2025 18:45 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 1
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MAHA gold-standard science.

By @glaucomflecken.bsky.social

08.09.2025 22:23 ๐Ÿ‘ 291 ๐Ÿ” 117 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 9 ๐Ÿ“Œ 11
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a woman is making a funny face while standing in front of a man in a suit . ALT: a woman is making a funny face while standing in front of a man in a suit .
08.09.2025 23:21 ๐Ÿ‘ 0 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

Predict it will take at least a decade until people stop saying โ€œpositives are it works better, negatives are itโ€™s a lot more expensive that vancoโ€. See Zolid, Line. @pharmermeg.bsky.social

08.09.2025 22:00 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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I really donโ€™t like ChatGPTโ€™s new memory dossier Last month ChatGPT got a major upgrade. As far as I can tell the closest to an official announcement was this tweet from @OpenAI: Starting today [April 10th 2025], memory โ€ฆ

feels significant that mass-market LLMs like ChatGPT are now capable of generating extensive natural-language dossiers about a given user's interests, location, preferences, identifying information, and more

simonwillison.net/2025/May/21/...

04.09.2025 19:50 ๐Ÿ‘ 284 ๐Ÿ” 96 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 14 ๐Ÿ“Œ 17
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Evaluation of Oral Tebipenem as a Step-Down Therapy following Intravenous Ertapenem against Extended-Spectrum ฮฒ-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Hollow-Fiber In Vitro Infection Model | Antimi... Tebipenem is an orally bioavailable carbapenem in development for the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Herein, we describe the results of studies designed to evaluate t...

we lack good PK/PD models of what โ€œmop-upโ€ looks like. It would be a lot more reassuring to have a โ€œmop-upโ€ target exposure. This paper (h/t Nav Narayan) being an example (journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...). Important as new PO carbapenems hit the market.

03.09.2025 18:45 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0

Yeah that was one of my main takeaways- TID or QID is less fun than BID but is in line with the Pk and PK/PD of these drugs and with shortened overall durations is usually only like 3-5 days of completion tx. I think the main argument vs more aggressive dosing is โ€œthis is just mop-upโ€ but 1/

03.09.2025 18:45 ๐Ÿ‘ 1 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Navigating the Muddled Middle: A Case-Based Exploration of Oral ฮฒ-Lactams for Systemic Gram-Negative Infections We describe 3 common scenarios where oral ฮฒ-lactams may be used for systemic gram-negative infections, and through a coupling of patient cases, we provide

This paper has had such a journey that I feel compelled to share it. It started when our ID PharmD resident gave an in-service to @templeid.bsky.social as a 'how-to' use oral beta-lactams for systemic Gram-negative infections, then was submitted, turned down, 1/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article...

03.09.2025 17:55 ๐Ÿ‘ 5 ๐Ÿ” 1 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Navigating the Muddled Middle: A Case-Based Exploration of Oral ฮฒ-Lactams for Systemic Gram-Negative Infections We describe 3 common scenarios where oral ฮฒ-lactams may be used for systemic gram-negative infections, and through a coupling of patient cases, we provide

Normally a paper that concludes โ€œShould you do X? It depends.โ€ wouldnโ€™t be at the top of my reading list but I think our (@jgpharmd.bsky.social, @emilylheil.bsky.social) new case-based paper on PO beta-lactams for GNRs highlights nuances & challenges generalizations academic.oup.com/ofid/article...

03.09.2025 17:49 ๐Ÿ‘ 6 ๐Ÿ” 3 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 1 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
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Mass Intelligence From GPT-5 to nano banana: everyone is getting access to powerful AI

I wrote about the era of Mass Intelligence.

GPT-5 and Nano Banana are examples of how advanced AI is now making their way to many users, at scale, as both performance & efficiency keep improving. We are going to see a lot of weird things happening, all at once www.oneusefulthing.org/p/mass-intel...

28.08.2025 21:17 ๐Ÿ‘ 72 ๐Ÿ” 9 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 5 ๐Ÿ“Œ 2
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FAQ on Fall Vaccines ๐Ÿ’กLooking for my 2025-2026 vaccine guide? Find it on Substack here. This page answers follow-up questions from readers. Can doctors still prescribe the Covid-19 vaccine "off-label" to other patients w...

Today, FDA approved seasonal covid vaccines for people 65+ and people with health conditions. I have updated my FAQ with more questions and answers from readers. www.forceofinfection.com/faq-on-fall-...

28.08.2025 00:34 ๐Ÿ‘ 31 ๐Ÿ” 13 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 2 ๐Ÿ“Œ 1

CDC list of medical conditions associated w higher risk for severe COVID-19, you need 1 to to qualify for vaccines now:
-Cancer (solid or blood cancers)
-Cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke)
-Chronic kidney disease (any stage)
-Chronic liver disease (fatty liver, cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis)

27.08.2025 18:59 ๐Ÿ‘ 93 ๐Ÿ” 70 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 13 ๐Ÿ“Œ 12

Finally a healthy reason for a second helping at Thanksgiving! Grab those Friday vaccine appointments while they last!

27.08.2025 19:51 ๐Ÿ‘ 2 ๐Ÿ” 0 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0
A figure showing the development of adaptive practice and the effects of AI

A figure showing the development of adaptive practice and the effects of AI

๐—ก๐—ฒ๐˜„ ๐— ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—ฎ๐—น ๐—˜๐—ฑ๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป ๐—”๐—ฟ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ฐ๐—น๐—ฒ!

Many learners are more facile with the use of large language models in medicine than their supervisors are. The authors provide an approach to clinical supervision that can mitigate the perils and amplify the promise of AI. nej.md/47okmwr

20.08.2025 22:01 ๐Ÿ‘ 7 ๐Ÿ” 3 ๐Ÿ’ฌ 0 ๐Ÿ“Œ 0