Dutch "gebeuren" 'happen' is cognate to German "gebühren" 'sb/sth deserves/is due sth'.
The unprefixed verb "beuren" 'to lift' is still used in Dutch.
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Dutch "aarzelen" 'to hesitste, waver' is derived from "aars" 'arse', German "Arsch". It was formed based on French "reculer" 'move backwards' from "cul" 'arse'. English "arsle" is cognate.
Sadly, the German cognate *arschelen (or *ärschelen?) is not used.
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Dutch "betogen" 'demonstrate, produce proof' is NOT cognate to German "bezeugen" 'testify'.
"Betogen" is probably derived from the same root as "oog" 'eye'. German "beäugen" 'to eye' is a similar formation but not a direct cognate. 1/2
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Dutch, German and English all use a derivation of a form meaning 'bite' to mean 'a little bit'. And they are all etymologically related:
Dutch "beetje" < "beet", German "bisschen" < "Biss", and English "bit" (compare "bite") 1/2
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Dutch "trots" 'pride' is borrowed from German "Trotz" 'defiance'.
"trots" in Dutch is both a noun and an adjective.
The adjective is likely derived from now outdated "trotsig" 'proud', itself a borrowing of German "trotzig" 'defiant, stubborn'.
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Dutch "blij" 'happy, glad' is cognate to English "blithe". No German cognates are in use today but Pfeifer proposes a connection to German "Blei" 'lead (element)'. Both Old High German "blīo" 'lead' and "blīdi" 'happy, shiny' may be derived from a root meaning 'shine'
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Dutch "zonder" 'without' is cognate to German "sondern" 'rather, but'. Both come from a Proto-Germanic root meaning 'separate, apart'. English are "sunder", "asunder" etc. are cognate as well.
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Dutch "raar", German "rar" and English "rare" are all borrowed from French "rare". German and English kept the French semantics 'rare' while in Dutch, the meaming changed to 'weird, odd'. The same thing happened in German ⬇️ 1/2
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Screenshot of Duolingo reads in Dutch: Ik zie veel rotsen langs de kust.
Dutch "rots" 'rock' is a Middle Dutch loan from French "roche" 'rock'. It is NOT cognate to German "Rotz" 'snot'!
English borrowed 'rock' twice: Once in Old English times prob. from Latin "rocca" and later from Old North French "roque" 'rock'. Both fused to "rock" 1/
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Dutch "leur" in "teleurstellen" 'disappoint' is derived from the same root as "verliezen" 'lose', cognate to German "verlieren".
English "forlese" 'abandon' is obsolete but the past participle "forlorn" is cognate to Dutch and German "verloren" 'lost'
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Dutch "schattig" 'cute' is NOT cognate to German "schattig" 'shady'.
The German cognate is colloquial "schatzig". Both come from cognate nouns meaning 'treasure': German "Schatz", Dutch "schatt". Old English had a cognate "sceat", used today for a small coin 1/2
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Dutch "dapper" 'brave' is cognate to German "tapfer" 'brave'
English "dapper" is a borrowing of the Dutch word but got a semantic life of its own
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Dutch "raken" 'touch, become' is not cognate to German "reichen" 'reach, pass' and English "reach".
Instead, it's English cognate is "rake". No! Not the tool but the verb meaning 'move swiftly' 1/2
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Dutch "zindelijk" 'potty-trained', formerly also 'clean, tidy' is cognate to German "sinnlich" 'sensual'.
"zindelijk" is derived from "zinnelijk" 'sensual' with an epenthetic /d/. All words contain "zin"/"Sinn" 'sense' 1/3
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Dutch "beschaafd" 'civilized, cultured, polite' is cognate to German "schaben" 'scrape, plane' and English "shave".
"Beschaafd" used to mean 'smooth, polished' and got its new meaning in analogy to French "poli" which also used to mean both 'smooth' and 'polite'. 1/3
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Dutch "breien" 'to knit' has no etymological relation to German "Brei" 'mash, pap, porridige'. Instead, it is cognate to English "braid". The German cognate is "bretten" but it's no longer used AFAIK 1/2
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Dutch "ramp" 'misfortune' used to mean 'cramp' and is probably derived from Middle Dutch "rimpe" 'wrinkle' (Modern Dutch "rimpel").
It may be cognate to German "rümpfen" 'to wrinkle" and English "rimble" and "rumble".
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www.ensie.nl/etymologisch...
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Dutch "klok" 'clock, bell', German "Glocke" 'bell' and English "clock" all derive from Medieval Latin "clocca" 'bell'. The meaning 'thing that shows time' seems to have developed later. English probably borrowed it together with the form from Middle Dutch "clokke". 1/
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Dutch "slim" 'clever' (dialectal also 'bad') is cognate to German "schlimm" 'bad' and English "slim".
They go back to a Proto-Germanic root meaning 'crooked, obliqued'. English "slim" was borrowed from Middle Dutch "slim" 'bad, crooked'. 1/2
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Dutch "afzonderlijk" 'separate' is cognate to German "absonderlich" 'weird'. They are derived from the verbs "afzonderen" viz. "absondern" which both mean 'to separate' and are cognate to English "sunder".
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Dutch "verdrietig" 'sad', "verdrieten" 'to sadden' and "verdriet" 'grief' are cognate to German "verdrießlich", "verdrießen" and "Verdruss" 'chagrin'. "ver-" is a common prefix. An unprefixed version of the same Proto-Germanic root is reflected by English "threat"
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Dutch "breien" 'to knit' has no etymological relation to German "Brei" 'mash, pap, porridige'.
Instead, it is cognate to English "braid". The German cognate is "bretten" but this word is now obsolete
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Dutch "duur" and German "teuer" (both) 'expensive' are cognate to English "dear".
"Duur" is originally an eastern form, it's western equivalent being "dier". "Dier" went the semantic way of "dear" and is nowadays commonly used in "dierbaar" 'dear'
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Dutch "achter" 'behind' is cognate to English "after" and German "After" 'anus'.
This word is an example for the Dutch sound change /ft/ > /xt/, also found in
"lucht"/"Luft" 'air' (English "loft")
"gekocht"/"gekauft" 'bought' (English "cheap")
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![Screenshot reads (in Dutch)
Adobe Acrobat
Wilt u alle tabbladen sluiten, of alleen het huidige tabblad?
[checkbox] Altijd alle tabbladen sluiten
Alle tabbladen sluiten
Huidige tabblad sluiten
Annuleren](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:yb53ekcqcbonvuvbend55we4/bafkreien7tjy6i4g55jz7gxdbjffwaznuerms6jry7qqmuzmjvezhzi23u)
Screenshot reads (in Dutch) Adobe Acrobat Wilt u alle tabbladen sluiten, of alleen het huidige tabblad? [checkbox] Altijd alle tabbladen sluiten Alle tabbladen sluiten Huidige tabblad sluiten Annuleren
Dutch "huidig" 'current, present' is cognate to German "heutig" 'today's, present-day'
Both forms go back to a Proto-Germanic phrase *hiu dagu 'this day'. The semantic shift in Dutch has occurred since the 17th century
Old English "hēodæg" 'today' is also cognate 1/2
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Dutch "blijken" 'to appear, to turn out' is NOT cognate to German "blicken" 'to look'. Instead, it is probably cognate to "bleichen" 'to bleach' and "erbleichen"'to become pale'.
More obvious are the related cognates English "bleek" and German "bleich", both 'pale'
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Picture of an annoucement in public transportation (in Dutch): Je fiets mag niet mee In tram 25 mag je fiets niet mee. Fietsen nemem te veel ruimte in en belemmeren het veilig in- en uitstappen. Vouwfietsen mogen opgevouwen wel mee. belemmeren is highlighted in yellow Tranlsation: You must not take your bike with you. On line 25, you must not take your bike with you. Bikes take in too much space and hinder people in getting off and on the train safely. You may take your folding bike with you if it is folded.
German "belämmert" 'perplexed, discouraged' comes from a verb borrowed from Low German "belemmern", cognate to Dutch "belemmeren"; both 'hinder'.
They are derived from "lam", German "lahm", cognate to English "lame" and originally meant 'make someone lame' 1/2
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Dutch "inborst" 'character, personality' probably is a loan of Middle High German "inbrunst" 'passion' (same in modern German) but the form was reanalyzed as "in" 'in' + "borst" 'chest'. 1/2
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Dutch "toom" 'bridle, rein' is cognate to German "Zaum" (same meaning). Less obvious is the English cognate "team". The meaning of "team" as a group of people is already found in Old English. 1/3
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Dutch "ontfermen" 'have mercy' is cognate to German "erbarmen" (same meaning). Dutch later borrowed "erbarmen" from German. Both are derived from the Germanic root that also yielded "arm" 'poor'. 1/2
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