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<p>After 60 years of searching, geneticists have finally identified the gene behind the marmalade coloration in domestic cats.</p><p>Two independent teams of researchers found any fiery-hued fuzz on our <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/cats-bond-securely-to-their-humans-maybe-even-more-than-dogs-do">beloved clawed floofs</a> is likely the result of a missing segment of DNA in a non-protein-coding part of the cat's genome.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-1 Purch_Y_C_0_1-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>"It's been a genetic mystery, a conundrum," Stanford University geneticist Greg Barsh <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/gene-behind-orange-fur-cats-found-last">told</a> Sara Reardon at <em>Science</em>.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-2 Purch_Y_C_0_2-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>Barsh and his colleagues discovered cat skin cells from which orange fur sprouts express 13 times as much RNA from a gene called <em>Arhgap36</em>, compared with skin cells from cats with no orange hair.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-3 Purch_Y_C_0_3-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>Expecting to find the protein-coding section of the overproductive <em>Arhgap36</em> gene had mutated, the researchers were surprised to find it was the sequence preceding it that instead contained a deletion, presumably affecting the rest of the gene's expression.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-4 Purch_Y_C_0_4-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>The 5 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair#Length_measurements">kilobase</a> deletion was present in every orange cat the researchers examined out of a database of 188 cats, which included 145 orange, 6 calico/tortoishell, and 37 nonorange cats.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-5 Purch_Y_C_0_5-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>One finding didn't come as a surprise. As long predicted, the mutated gene is located on the cat's X chromosome, explaining why the orange color appears so differently between the sexes. Most orange cats are male, while most female cats with some orange fur end up with patchworks of different colors.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-145632" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_145632" style="width: 640px"><img alt="Red black and white calico kitten" class="wp-image-145632 size-full" decoding="async" height="700" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" src="https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/RedBlackAndWhiteCalicoKitten-e1733183714509.jpg" srcset="https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/RedBlackAndWhiteCalicoKitten-e1733183714509.jpg 640w, https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/RedBlackAndWhiteCalicoKitten-e1733183714509-379x415.jpg 379w, https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/RedBlackAndWhiteCalicoKitten-e1733183714509-600x656.jpg 600w" width="640"/><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-145632">A calico kitten. (Theresa Donahue McManus/Moment/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure><p>"Taken together, these observations provide strong genetic and genomic evidence that the 5 kb deletion causes sex-linked orange," Barsh and team <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.21.624608">write</a> in their paper.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-6 Purch_Y_C_0_6-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>Ever since humans first co-habitated with cats <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/the-lost-history-of-cat-domestication-can-finally-be-told">nearly 10,000 years ago</a>, it's been a curiosity that a black cat and an orange cat can be parents to an unexpected array of kitten colors. Male kittens from this pairing are mostly either orange or black, as might be expected. But female kittens can have a calico's patchwork of black, orange and white, or a tortoiseshell's marbling of orange scattered through black fur.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-145622" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_145622" style="width: 642px"><img alt="tortoiseshell cat with orange marbled through black fur" class="wp-image-145622 size-full" decoding="async" height="963" loading="lazy" src="https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/TortoiseshellCatWithOrangeMarblingThroughBlackFur-e1733181850151.jpg" width="642"/><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-145622">A tortoiseshell cat. (<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-cat-with-yellow-eyes-Q8EbbKgOPe0">Yosei G/Unsplash</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>Both teams confirmed the mutation responsible for orange fur is on the X chromosome, which is why such clear differences in colored patterning can appear between the sexes.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-7 Purch_Y_C_0_7-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>Unlike males that end up with just one copy of this mutation on their solitary X chromosome, females end up with two copies, one on each the X's they receive from each parent.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-8 Purch_Y_C_0_8-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>Mammals randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes in each of their cells to avoid expressing an excess of the chromosome's products. This leaves female orange kitties with an active orange mutation in some of their developing skin-cell tissues, right next to neighboring cells in which the X chromosome with the mutated gene is deactivated.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-9 Purch_Y_C_0_9-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>On rare occasions that both X chromosomes carry the mutation, the female grows into furry fireball as ginger as any male.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-145629" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_145629" style="width: 642px"><img alt="It's Taken Scientists 60 Years to Identify The Gene Making Orange Cats Usually Male" class="size-full wp-image-145629" decoding="async" height="428" loading="lazy" src="https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2024/12/FieryOrangeKittenWithBlueEyes-e1733183466200.jpeg" width="642"/><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-145629">An orange kitten. (Zelenenka/iStock/Getty Images Plus)</figcaption></figure><p>Orange cats happen to have a hilarious reputation for <a href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/orange-cat-behavior">not being the brightest</a> of their species. Anecdotes aside, such links between kitty coloration and cognition are scientifically unsupported, with no obvious negative consequences from this mutation in health or mental wellbeing.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-10 Purch_Y_C_0_10-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p><em style="letter-spacing: -0.45px;">Arhgap36</em> is known to cause developmental problems in other animals when it is over- or under-functioning. But it seems that in orange cats, the gene is overexpressed only in developing and mature pigment cells called melanocytes.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-11 Purch_Y_C_0_11-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>"The difference between tortoiseshell and calico cats is the presence of an additional white spotting mutation in calico that affects the ability of developing melanocytes to survive as they migrate away from the neural crest, allowing melanocyte clones that do survive to expand in a larger body region," Barsh and colleagues <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.21.624608">explain</a>.</p><!-- START single/mrec --><div class="ad-slot--container ad-slot--container-content ad-slot--container-content-12 Purch_Y_C_0_12-container">
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<!-- END single/mrec --><p>The second study, led by Kyushu University geneticist Hidehiro Toh, also identified <em>Arhgap36</em> as the orange cat fur gene. They found greater expression of this gene suppresses color pigment genes, shifting the dark brown to black <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin#Eumelanin">eumelanin</a> pigments to the reddish to yellow <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin#Pheomelanin">pheomelanin</a> pigments.</p><p>Both papers are now online awaiting <a class="lar_link lar_link_outgoing" data-linkid="73086" data-postid="145606" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/science-peer-review" rel="nofollow" target="_self">peer review</a> on <em>bioRxiv</em> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.21.624608">here</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.19.624036">here</a>.</p>
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