https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020SW002664
Figure 5: Variations of the interplanetary and geophysical parameters during 19–23 November 2003
Technical Terms:
F10.7 Index – A measure of solar radio flux at 10.7 cm wavelength, indicating solar activity.
IMF (Interplanetary Magnetic Field) By and Bz – Components of the solar magnetic field interacting with Earth's magnetosphere.
AE Index (Auroral Electrojet Index) – A measure of geomagnetic activity in the auroral zones.
Kp Index – A global geomagnetic activity index on a scale from 0 to 9.
Dst Index (Disturbance Storm Time Index) – Measures geomagnetic storm intensity by tracking variations in Earth's magnetic field.
X and Y Axes:
X-axis: Time (19–23 November 2003), showing how parameters change over several days.
Y-axes:
Different panels have different Y-axes.
Top panel: F10.7 index (solar activity level)
Middle panels: IMF components (By, Bz in nT) and geomagnetic indices (AE, Kp)
Bottom panel: Dst index (storm intensity, in nT)
Importance:
This figure visualizes how solar and geomagnetic activity evolved during the November 2003 geomagnetic storm.
It helps correlate solar wind conditions with geomagnetic disturbances affecting satellite orbits.
The sharp drop in Dst and high peaks in AE and Kp indices indicate the storm’s main phase.
Figure 7: Variations of the interplanetary and geophysical parameters during 6–10 September 2017
Technical Terms:
Same technical terms as Figure 5, but referring to the September 2017 geomagnetic storm.
X and Y Axes:
X-axis: Time (6–10 September 2017).
Y-axes:
Top panel: F10.7 index (solar radiation level).
Middle panels: IMF By and Bz components (nT).
Lower panels: AE, Kp, and Dst indices.
Importance:
Shows how the September 2017 geomagnetic storm developed and compares its impact to other storm events.
Highlights how the storm affected Earth's magnetosphere and thermosphere, influencing satellite drag and orbital decay.
Helps explain why different satellites at different altitudes experienced varied orbital decay rates.
Figure 8: Satellite orbital decays and decay rates of Swarm-B, Swarm-A, and GRACE during 7–9 September 2017
Technical Terms:
Swarm-B, Swarm-A, and GRACE – Satellites used to monitor Earth's gravity and atmospheric density.
Orbital Decay Rate – The rate at which a satellite's altitude decreases due to atmospheric drag.
Storm-Induced Orbital Decay – The additional orbital decay caused by geomagnetic storms, beyond normal background decay.
X and Y Axes:
Left panels (decay rates):
X-axis: Time (7–9 September 2017).
Y-axis: Orbital decay rate (meters per day, m/d).
Right panels (orbital decay):
X-axis: Time (7–9 September 2017).
Y-axis: Total orbital decay (meters, m).
Importance:
This figure illustrates the impact of the storm on three different satellites at different altitudes.
Shows how satellites at lower altitudes (GRACE at 338 km) experienced greater decay than higher-altitude ones (Swarm-B at 515 km).
Helps validate the Precise Orbit Determination (POD) integration method, showing how well it estimates satellite decay compared to traditional accelerometer data.
Final Thoughts:
Figures 5 and 7 establish the cause (geomagnetic storm conditions).
Figure 8 shows the effect (how these storms altered satellite orbits at different altitudes).
Understanding these relationships is crucial for predicting satellite lifetimes, avoiding collisions, and improving orbit models in space weather forecasting.
Understanding how geomagnetic storms impact satellite orbits! 🛰️⚡A research improves orbital decay predictions using precise data from GRACE & Swarm, revealing storm-induced altitude changes with higher accuracy. 🌍🔭
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