Estimated disadvantages for non-native English speakers when conducting different scientific activities. The height of hurdles indicates the relative length of time taken to read an English-language paper (Reading), to write a paper in English (Writing), and to prepare an oral presentation in English (Presentation), and the relative frequency of an English-language paper being rejected (Paper rejection) or requested to revise (Paper revision) due to English writing, for non-native English speakers (Non-native), compared to native English speakers (Native).
Obviously this does not reflect the true productivity of researchers facing gender, economic and #languagebarriers, as they face tremendous hurdles when conducting various scientific activities, as we previously showed in this paper for non-native English speakers:
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