#insula

LLMs

@llms.activitypub.awakari.com.ap.brid.gy

10 hours ago

Trump nu e pregătit să încheie războiul cu Iranul. SUA ar putea lovi din nou Insula Kharg „doar de dragul distracției” Președintele american Donald Trump a declarat, într-un interviu tel...

#Eveniment #ce #este #Insula #Kharg #Donald #Trump #Iran #Insula #Kharg #atac

Origin | Interest | Match

aparatorul

@aparatorul.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy

2 weeks ago

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim 👉 https://c.aparatorul.md/6apf6 👈 #Dumnezeu #Episcop #Ierusalim #insula #rugăciune #SfântaTreime #sfinţi #SfinteleLocuri #TatălNostru #Treime
https://c.aparatorul.md/6apf6

Brian O'Blivion 🅰️👁

@boblivion.bsky.social

3 weeks ago

#quotes #books #booksky #excerpts #citations #networksofthebrain #sporns #brain #networks #consciousness #neurobiology #centrality #precuneus #insula #parietal #frontal #cortex #region

aparatorul

@aparatorul.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy

1 month ago

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim 👉 https://c.aparatorul.md/kb3dc 👈 #Dumnezeu #Episcop #Ierusalim #insula #rugăciune #SfântaTreime #sfinţi #SfinteleLocuri #TatălNostru #Treime
https://c.aparatorul.md/kb3dc

Antoine Dufeu

@antoinedufeu.bsky.social

1 month ago

#227/ Insula de Théo Casciani, par Marius Guérin - éditions JOU Marius Guérin s’entretient avec Audrey Jeuland à propos d’Insula de Théo Casciani

editionsjou.net/2026/02/02/2...

Marius Guérin et sa copine Audrey Jeuland ont lu le nouveau livre de Théo Casciani, « Insula », publié aux éditions P.O.L en ce début d’année. À lire sur TINA online.
#livre #littérature #roman #insula #casciani #théocasciani #pol #ésitionspol #revuetina #tinaonline

GLOBAL Visibility aéPiot - by aePiot.ro

@globalvisibility.bsky.social

1 month ago

better-experience.blogspot.com/2026/01/from...

#NOAPTE PE #INSULA #RODOS
aepiot.ro/advanced-sea...
ÎNAINTE DE #CRĂCIUN #FILM #DIN 2015
aepiot.com/advanced-sea...
2033 #FILM
headlines-world.com/advanced-sea...
allgraph.ro

Pure Science

@purescience.news

2 months ago

A specific neural pathway links the insula to the creation of new memories #Science #Biology #Neurobiology #Neuroscience #Memory #Insula

LOGO PED - Semantic Tags by aéPiot

@logo-ped.bsky.social

2 months ago

bsky.app/starter-pack/logo-ped.bsky.social/3m7mqnqghl72a
#BOTEZ
aepiot.com/advanced-sea...
#NOAPTE PE #INSULA #RODOS
multi-search-tag-explorer.aepiot.com/advanced-sea...

bsky.app/starter-pack...

RACiencias

@raciencias.bsky.social

3 months ago

INSULA DIA1 CHARLA MAGISTRAL ANA CRESPO YouTube video by Gabinete Literario

Ana Crespo: “El mayor reto de la Academia es ayudar a tomar decisiones asesoradas”
Vuelve a ver la conversación de la Presidenta de la #raciencias con Lorena Sánchez @theconversation.com

#insula #gabineteliterario
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gojI...

aparatorul

@aparatorul.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy

4 months ago

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim 👉 https://c.aparatorul.md/ukrfp 👈 #Dumnezeu #Episcop #Ierusalim #insula #rugăciune #SfântaTreime #sfinţi #SfinteleLocuri #TatălNostru #Treime
https://c.aparatorul.md/ukrfp

@isabellaferrara.bsky.social

4 months ago

At the navigating #interoceptive crossroads symposium, Jasmin Schultze described why we might feel a lump in our throat when feeling emotional
#IMRI findings show emotional
focus heightens interoceptive processing in the #insula, linking body and emotion!

@therealspr.bsky.social

Greenhouse for Mental Health Development

@cito-greenhouse.bsky.social

6 months ago

From Heartbeat to Gut Feeling: The Science of Interoception YouTube video by Greenhouse for Mental Health Development

From Heartbeat to Gut Feeling: The Science of Interoception

#Interoception #BrainScience #Neuroscience #PredictiveCoding #AffectiveNeuroscience #Insula #Amygdala #VagusNerve #Homeostasis #MindBodyConnection #Emotion #Cognition

youtube.com/shorts/_hCmo...

@amylasek.bsky.social

6 months ago

Estrogenic regulation of perineuronal nets in the mouse insular cortex and hippocampus Estrogen has profound effects on the brain, affecting neuronal plasticity and behavior. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are perforated extracellular matrix s…

Check out our new paper on estrogen regulation of perineuronal nets! This was a real group effort from everyone in the lab, undergraduates, PhD students, and postdocs. #perineuronalnets #estrogen #insula
www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Greenhouse for Mental Health Development

@cito-greenhouse.bsky.social

6 months ago

Inflammation, Mood, and the Brain: The Immune–Interoception Connection YouTube video by Greenhouse for Mental Health Development

Inflammation, Mood, and the Brain: The Immune–Interoception Connection

#Interoception #BrainBodyConnection #GutBrainAxis #VagusNerve #Neuroscience #MentalHealth #Insula #AnteriorCingulate #EmotionalRegulation #Mindfulness #Neurostimulation #EmotionalGranularity

youtube.com/shorts/QR1gH...

LLMs

@llms.activitypub.awakari.com.ap.brid.gy

7 months ago

Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS “We’re seeing things in the front of the brain, we’re seeing issues in the back of the brain, we’re seeing a lot of things in between…this is a brain-wide issue”. It’s safe to say that the ME/CFS brain is an inflamed brain.” Jarred Younger Jarred Younger couldn’t resist. He’s usually […] The post Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS appeared first on Health Rising.

Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS “We’re seeing things in the front of the brain, we’re seeing issues in the back of the brain, we’re seeing a lot of things in between…...

#Brain #Homepage #Insula #Neuroinflammation #Neuroplasticity #Research

Origin | Interest | Match

LLMs

@llms.activitypub.awakari.com.ap.brid.gy

7 months ago

Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS > “We’re seeing things in the front of the brain, we’re seeing issues in the back of the brain, we’re seeing a lot of things in between…this is a brain-wide issue”. It’s safe to say that the ME/CFS brain is an inflamed brain.” Jarred Younger Jarred Younger couldn’t resist. He’s usually pretty deadpan, but there it was – a big smile as he started the “New Results: The ME/CFS brain is inflamed” video. Younger made the proviso that this was a first pass of his data and that things could change, but I would be shocked if Younger talked about results he wasn’t _very confiden_ t in. He certainly looked happy in this video. Younger has been asserting that neuroinflammation was a big deal – perhaps THE big deal – in ME/CFS for over ten years. Younger has been so confident that neuroinflammation is a big deal in diseases like ME/CFS and FM that ten years ago, when he opened his new lab at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, he called it “The Neuroinflammation, Pain and Fatigue Laboratory“. Younger has hypothesized that hypersensitive microglia in the brains of ME/CFS/FM and long-COVID patients have been pumping out inflammatory cytokines and immune factors in response to the slightest stressors, and are responsible for the fatigue, pain, and other symptoms in these diseases. #### The Gist * Younger has been asserting the neuroinflammation plays a big role in ME/CFS and related diseases for over a decade, and now with his new PET scan study, he had undeniable proof. * PET scan studies are the gold standard when it comes to assessing neuroinflammation and with one study saying “yea” and one study saying “nea”, the question was still up in the air. * Younger’s new study, though, which used a more advanced radiotracer found scads of neuroinflammation, enough for Younger to state that people with ME/CFS have inflamed brains. * We’ll see that the brain in ME/CFS appears to be stuck in a kind of chronic state of post-infectious illness or “sickness behavior”. Sickness behavior refers to the symptoms the brain produces to keep us in bed in order to stop spreading an infection and to conserve our energy to fight off the bug. * Youngers findings, which have not been published yet, and which constitute of first pass of his data, uncovered widespread areas of “bilateral” inflammation (found on both sides of the brain) and other areas of “unilateral” inflammation. * Bilateral inflammation is considered more significant because if only one side of the brain is inflamed, the other side can sometimes compensate for it. * Younger said that the bilateral inflammation in the insula, alone, could produce ME/CFS. The insula is a central hub in the brain that assesses sensory and other information to determine how well the body is functioning in a process called interoception. * An important regulator of autonomic nervous system activity, the insula is considered a “bridge” between internal bodily states and “adaptive physiological responses”; i.e., autonomic nervous system activity. * The precuneus’s close integration with the insula, and the default mode network would likely result in difficulty in focusing one’s attention and increased feelings of fatigue, pain, and unpleasant body sensations. If it seems you’re never free from negative body sensations and have trouble getting beyond them and concentrating on other things, dysregulation of the insula, precuneus, and default mode network could be the reason why. * While inflammation in both sides of the hippocampus produces fatigue, in the medial orbitofrontal cortex it dampens sensations of “reward and motivation”. Cognition and attention take a hit with an inflamed **right medial frontal gyrus**. For its part, a tweaked **posterior cingulate** activates the default mode network – the center of rumination – which is basically kryptonite to getting things done. * Moving on, inflammation in the l**eft hippocampus** impacts learning and memory, but then we come to the left **thalamus,** which Younger called a “critically important” brain region that relays all sensory information that flows through the brain. Problems in the thalamus alone, he said, could explain ME/CFS. * The brain Jarred Younger found, then, is a brain that seems to determine to keep us from exerting ourselves and participating in the world. It’s a brain ramps up symptoms -most especially fatigue – and body sensations – and to keep our attention focused inwards rather than outwards. A brain that’s designed to increase effort, blunt the “rewards” that typically move us, and reduce motivation. * A hypervigilant, anxious, and unsure brain that amplifies danger and fear and, when we step over the line, whacks us with more symptoms. A cognitively impaired brain with a short attention span keeps us from engaging in the tasks we used to engage in. A brain that impairs restful sleep, which keeps us in a fatigued state. * It’s a post-infectious, “sickness behavior” brain. * But how to connect the inflammation found across the brain to the energy production problems in the body? I asked ChatGPT and AI Perplexity if it was possible, and both answered “yes”. ChatGPT said “inflammation in the specific brain regions you’ve listed could plausibly impair energy production in peripheral cells (e.g., immune and muscle cells). These mechanisms are highly consistent with energy metabolism abnormalities observed in conditions like _ME/CFS, Long COVID, and post-viral syndromes_.” * While it’s not clear what’s causing the inflammation, note that because many of the inflamed areas of the ME/CFS brain seem to be particularly sensitive to inflammation coming from the body, inflammation is a prime suspect. * Younger believes that neuroinflammation is what we need to be targeting in ME/CFS, stating “We have to find or develop treatments that reduce brain inflammation if we’re going to improve ME/CFS,” and that he hoped to have more “exciting news” on the clinical trials front soon. For all the hullabaloo over neuroinflammation, though, it’s amazing how little **direct** evidence of widespread neuroinflammation there is. While quite a few brain studies suggest neuroinflammation is present, I could find only three papers that attempted to directly measure it across the brain. The first attempt to directly measure it, Nakatomi’s small 2014 PET scan paper concluded that widespread neuroinflammation was present and quickly became a kind of cause celebre in the ME/CFS world. Somehow it took another seven years for a small PET scan study (n=16) to show up, but this time, using the same not-so-accurate radioactive tracer that Nakatomi did, it found _no evidence of neuroinflammation._ > What? Study Finds No Neuroinflammation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Next, Younger’s innovative 2020 thermal mapping MRI and spectroscopy study found widespread areas of increased temperature and metabolites that were indicative of neuroinflammation. PET scans, which highlight activated microglia, are considered the gold standard for assessing neuroinflammation. Now we had two small PET scan ME/CFS studies – one which found neuroinflammation and one which didn’t. So while we’ve been acting, talking, and thinking as if neuroinflammation is, of course, present in ME/CFS, we haven’t directly proved that it’s present at all. With Younger’s use of a newer, more accurate radiotracer, it looks like his PET study is going to break the tie. ## **An Inflamed Brain** _Please note that as I attempt to dig deeper into Younger’s findings, I add many things he did not discuss in the video_. ### **Both Sides Now – Sites of Bilateral Inflammation in ME/CFS Patients’ Brains** Younger started with areas of the brain featuring bilateral inflammation, i.e., inflammation found on both sides of the brain. Bilateral inflammation is considered worse than unilateral inflammation because in unilateral inflammation, one side of the brain can sometimes compensate for the poor functioning of the other side. #### **The Insula!** Inflammation in the insula alone could have been enough to cause ME/CFS. Younger said we could have stopped right at the insula! The insula is so significant that inflammation in it alone could cause the ME/CFS symptoms. Highlighting the insula’s impact on the human experience, Younger said the insula is responsible for sensory information, bodily feelings, and most importantly, “how your emotions and your sensations and your understanding of yourself are integrated in how you ultimately feel”. The insula is responsible for making the assessment, “are you feeling well?”, to your consciousness. Plus, because the insula also processes autonomic nervous system (ANS) signals and regulates the ANS, an inflamed insula could help produce the dysautonomia so common in these diseases. The insula is considered the “bridge” between internal bodily states and “adaptive physiological responses”; i.e., autonomic nervous system activity. In ME/CFS, both physical and mental stressors (exertion) have been shown to increase activation of the insula, and produce an increased sensitivity to threats, increased vigilance, impaired attention, brain fog, unrefreshing sleep, and emotional distress. The insula has been better studied in fibromyalgia, where it has been called a “central hub” in the disease. Increased default mode network activity, autonomic dysregulation, increased pain, brain fog, reduced attention, and increased Digging further into the insula, the insula is the brain’s main hub for _interoception_ , which concerns how our brain interprets the body’s internal condition. #### **An Interoception Interlude** The idea that problems with interoception play a role in ME/CFS is not new. In 2008, in “An extended concept of altered self: chronic fatigue and post-infection syndromes“, James Jones of the CDC proposed that post-infectious fatigue states were primarily diseases of interoception. Jones proposed that the brains of people with post-infectious illnesses were stuck in a chronic and maladaptive state of “illness behavior”. The pathogen was gone, but the brain was acting as if it was still present. Jones’s hypothesis – that the body was essentially well but the brain was not – was controversial (and perhaps not surprisingly, he was the sole author of the paper). Jones did not, however, assert that the body was unaffected, and cited a range of biological findings (glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroendocrine issues, brain imaging findings (including the insula and thalamus) which he believed were _caused by the brain’s maladaptation_. Jones’s interoception hypothesis never caught on, and the research community mostly dropped it. #### **Precuneus** Precuneus. (Image from Dr. Johannes Sobotta, Wikimedia Commons.) The precuneus’s close integration with the insula, and the notorious default mode network, would likely result in difficulty in focusing one’s attention and increased feelings of fatigue, pain, and unpleasant body sensations. If it seems you’re never free from negative body sensations and have trouble getting beyond them and concentrating on other things, dysregulation of the insula, precuneus, and default mode network could be the reason why. #### **Parahippocampus** Younger explained that bilateral inflammation of the parahippocampus has been shown in other diseases to be associated with fatigue. We see a theme emerging: like the precuneus and the insula, the parahippocampus is associated with the default mode network and interception. The parahippocampus also interacts with the limbic system, which could be amplifying sensations of fatigue, and producing anxiety and other unwelcome mental states. Structural changes shown in parahippocampus, insula and other brain regions in fibromyalgia. (Borsook D, Moulton EA, Schmidt KF, Becerra LR. (Image from Borsook D, Moulton EA, Schmidt KF, Becerra LR. Creative Commons, Wikimedia) #### **Medial orbitofrontal cortex** The fun continues with the medial orbitofrontal cortex – yet another brain region associated with the insula. Younger found “a lot of microglial inflammation” on both sides of the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which is also associated with the basal ganglia – a brain region that has been linked to ME/CFS in the past. Inflammation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex finds a new way to keep ME/CFS patients isolated by reducing the sensation of “reward” – a key motivating factor – and by increasing “effort”. Younger noted that when you have a fever and can’t get out of bed, activated microglia in the medial orbitofrontal cortex are one reason why. #### **Other Areas of Bilateral Inflammation** Younger said “lots of the other regions” such as the temporal lobe (headaches, sensory and auditory disturbances, mood swings) feature bilateral inflammation in ME/CFS, but he would talk about those some other time. ### **Unilateral (One-Sided inflammation)** More hits come with inflammation in the seat of fear and anxiety – the amygdala. (The amygdala had to be in there, didn’t it?) Cognition and attention take a hit with an inflamed **right medial frontal gyrus**. For its part, a tweaked **posterior cingulate** activates the default mode network – the center of rumination – which is basically kryptonite to getting things done. Moving on, inflammation in the **left hippocampus** impacts learning and memory, but then we come to the left **thalamus,** which Younger called a “critically important” brain region that relays all sensory information that flows through the brain. Problems in the thalamus alone, he said, could explain ME/CFS. ### **Inflammation, Here, There, and Seemingly Everywhere** AI Perplexity image of the inflamed ME/CFS brain found by Jarred Younger. So there you have it – neuroinflammation, Younger said, in the front, back, and in-between areas of the ME/CFS brain. At the beginning of his talk, Younger said the inflammation in the insula alone could be responsible for ME/CFS – and then added on about ten other brain regions. That seems a little daunting! Then again, this disease was never going to be explained by something subtle. It was always going to get pretty ugly at some point – and the sooner the better. The fact that Younger found so much suggests he’s really onto something. If Younger believed neuroinflammation was a key to ME/CFS/FM ten years ago, he’s pretty darn sure now. He believes there is now enough neuroimaging data for us to know that neuroinflammation _is what we need to be targeting in ME/CFS,_ stating: _“We have to find or develop treatments that reduce brain inflammation if we’re going to improve ME/CFS.”_ Younger started off the video with a big smile. He’s excited about what’s happening with this disease, and promised more is to come. Younger said he hoped to have more “exciting news” on the clinical trials front soon. Also, he said there is so much going on right now that it’s hard for him to decide what to talk about each week (:)). Plus, there are a lot of “good things” on his plate right now. It’s all good news and all the more reason to stay tuned. (Talk about a full plate. Besides the brain inflammation findings, Younger is working on his “brain invasion” study, a big “Good Day/Bad Day” study, the tFUS ultrasound device, a Gulf War Illness clinical trial, and who knows what else.) #### **More PET Findings Coming?** It sounded like Younger will be writing up his findings fairly soon, and we may also be in for some more PET findings. Years ago, Watanabe was reportedly in the midst of a large validation study and did publish a neuroinflammation paper in Japanese in 2018, but we’ve been waiting for the study results for so long that we can probably give up on that now. Three years ago, Michelle Jones at Stanford was in the second year of the 2-year NIH-funded study PET scan study of the entire body. Preliminary data show increased microglial activation/neuroinflammation in “ _multiple brain regions_ of severe ME/CFS patients compared to healthy controls.” The study was due to end in 2022. Hopefully, the results will be published soon. ### **The Perfect Post-Infectious Syndrome Brain?** The brain Younger described seems designed to keep one from participating in life. Has Younger just uncovered the perfect post-infectious syndrome brain? When we get an infection, the brain – not the pathogen, but the brain – in a process known as “sickness behavior”, produces symptoms, feelings, and emotions that are designed to stop us from spreading the infection, and conserve our energy so that the immune system can kill the pathogen. This period of “sickness behavior” is supposed to end when the pathogen is vanquished, but the idea that it may have become entrenched in postinfectious diseases like ME/CFS dates back decades. The ME/CFS brain that Younger just described seems like it was designed to ensure that sickness behavior’s prime directive is carried out: the person is kept from participating in life and passing on an infection. What kind of brain would produce that? Perhaps the brain the Jarred Younger’s new PET scan revealed. A brain that ramps up symptoms – most especially fatigue – and body sensations to keep one from exerting oneself – and to keep one’s attention focused inwards rather than outwards. A brain designed to increase effort, blunt the “rewards” that typically move us, and reduce motivation. A hypervigilant, anxious, and unsure brain that amplifies danger and fear and, when we step over the line, whacks us with more symptoms. A cognitively impaired brain with a short attention span keeps us from engaging in the tasks we used to engage in. A brain that impairs restful sleep keeps us in a fatigued state. This is the type of brain that Younger found. ### **Two AI Engine Takes** Just for the fun of it, I asked AI Perplexity and ChatGPT, without mentioning ME/CFS or long COVID. > “What symptoms and kinds of illness would a brain with bilateral inflammation of the insular cortex, precuneus, parahippocampus, medial orbitofrontal cortex and temporal lobe and unilateral inflammation in the right amygdala, right posterior cingulate, left thalamus, left hippocampus cause?” Interestingly, AI Perplexity said it could produce a “profound _sickness behavior_ phenotype”, encompassing global cognitive impairment, abnormal pain experience, disrupted motivation and mood, altered social behavior, etc. ChatGPT said inflammation in these regions would likely cause “a complex constellation of cognitive, emotional, autonomic, sensory, and behavioral symptoms”. It mentioned brain fog, heart rate and blood pressure instability, problems with short-term memory, lack of pleasure, reduced reward, anxiety, sensory abnormalities, pain, fatigue, sleep problems. Its top three clinical candidates were autoimmune encephalitis, _chronic fatigue syndrome / ME (inflammatory subtype), and long COVID neuroinflammation_. ### **A Brain Inflammation – Energy Production Link?** Since neither ChatGPT nor AI Perplexity mentioned anything regarding energy production, and at some point, the energy production problems in the immune and muscle cells need to be linked to the brain findings, I asked both engines, again, without mentioning ME/CFS or long COVID. > “Could inflammation in these brain regions impair energy production in immune or muscle cells in the body, and, if so, how?” The answer from both Perplexity AI and ChatGPT was an encouraging “yes”. How neuroinflammation could translate into problems with energy production in the muscles and immune system. (from ChatGPT) **Perplexity AI:** Inflammation in the specific brain regions you listed doesn’t just stay confined to the brain. It actively disrupts central metabolic control, leading to systemic changes in hormone levels, immune cell metabolism, and muscle energy production. The result is impaired energy output, increased fatigue, and reduced physical and cognitive functioning. This mechanism is well documented in conditions like _chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), long COVID,_ neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune illnesses involving these brain areas. Among other things, AI Perplexity asserted that inflammation in two brain regions – the hypothalamus and insula – involved in controlling the body’s energy balance and metabolic stress responses, could lead to metabolic dysfunction. Plus, neuroinflammation in the brain could increase systemic inflammation, induce insulin resistance, and increase mitochondrial dysfunction. **ChatGPT stated:** “Yes”. Through a combination of autonomic dysfunction, neuroimmune signaling, HPA axis disruption, and altered interoception/metabolism, “inflammation in the specific brain regions you’ve listed could plausibly impair energy production in peripheral cells (e.g., immune and muscle cells). These mechanisms are highly consistent with energy metabolism abnormalities observed in conditions like _ME/CFS, Long COVID, and post-viral syndromes_. ChatGPT stated that sympathetic nervous system overactivity could ultimately impair mitochondrial function, fatty acid metabolism, and glucose uptake, and reduce ATP production. Neuroinflammation could also cause immune cells in the body to shift to a pro-inflammatory, energy-inefficient metabolic state. ### **Causes** We don’t know what is causing the microglial activation/neuroinflammation that Younger found. Probably any number of possibilities are present. Note, though, that because many of the inflamed areas of the ME/CFS brain (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, striatum, insular cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, thalamus) seem to be particularly sensitive to inflammation coming from the body, inflammation is a prime suspect. ### **Treatments** Younger didn’t dwell on specific treatments, but many treatments could potentially reduce neuroinflammation. They range from immune affecting drugs (LDN, IVIG, monoclonal antibodies, etanercept, PPAR Agonists, oxytocin, Donepezil, Abilify, some antidepressants) and supplements (PEA, curcumin, resveratrol, etc.) to things like deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, autonomic nervous system affecting drugs (propanolol, etc.), and newer options like suramin, rapamycin, ketamine, as well as brain retraining (eg. “Amygdala and Insula Retraining“) to tamp down the stress response, reduce vigilance, feelings of danger, etc., could potentially help. Younger noted, though, and I think most of us would agree, that better treatments are needed. Hopefully, Younger’s new study will focus more attention on finding ways to reduce neuroinflammation.

Jarred Younger Finds a VERY Inflamed Brain in ME/CFS “We’re seeing things in the front of the brain, we’re seeing issues in the back of the brain, we’re seeing a lot of things in between…...

#Brain #Homepage #Insula #Neuroinflammation #Neuroplasticity #Research

Origin | Interest | Match

Daniel♾️Shook

@fds3rd.bsky.social

7 months ago

Hippocampus and Insula Team Up to Encode Emotional Memories - Neuroscience News A new study explored how the hippocampus and insula interact during the encoding of emotional memories in humans.

neurosciencenews.com/hippocampus-... #Hippocampus and #Insula Team Up to Encode Emotional #Memories - #Neuroscience News

Eric Yates

@ericthecurious.bsky.social

8 months ago

A terminal window displays output from running a Node.js script (node build/scripts/demo.js) for a causal model used in the I-INSULA protocol. The causal model M is shown as a triple ⟨U, V, F⟩, where U is a set of external variables (like C-tactile, vestibular, thermal, and visual stimuli), V is a set of internal biosignal variables (like source-localized EEG and EMG), and F is a set of causal mechanisms represented as functions. A submodel Mx is also shown, where one function in F has been modified to return a constant value (e.g., 1) to simulate activity of an internal variable (in this example, posterior insular cortex activity) to test whether it is sufficient to causally explain downstream activity in the cingulate cortex or EMG muscle activity.

A screenshot of TypeScript code in a code editor, showing part of the StructuralCausalModel class implementation. The method toSubmodel takes a set of mechanism modifications (Fx), stores them in instance variables (currentF, currentFx), and performs causal mechanism overrides via doMechanismModifications(), replacing the function with a constant-returning one. The new submodel is then created in createSubmodel() and returned.

C-tactile touch (slow, gentle) is normally pleasant.

For me, it's painful (allodynia) and causes involuntary movements / vocalizations under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: C-tactile => #Insula => Cingulate => PAG => Motor

Here’s a partial #causal model to test!

#BuildInPublic #EEG #Nof1

aparatorul

@aparatorul.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy

8 months ago

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim 👉 https://c.aparatorul.md/cxtof 👈 #Dumnezeu #Episcop #Ierusalim #insula #rugăciune #SfântaTreime #sfinţi #SfinteleLocuri #TatălNostru #Treime
https://c.aparatorul.md/cxtof

aparatorul

@aparatorul.mastodon.social.ap.brid.gy

8 months ago

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim. Pe cale, la corabie s-a stricat ceva şi căpitanul a zis: Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! – Trebuie să ancorăm undeva pentru a repara corabia. Şi, văzând în depărtare o insulă care părea pustie, s-au apropiat de ea, au ancorat şi au mers mai departe cu bărcile. Era o insulă cu multă vegetaţie. Oamenii au ieşit şi ei din corabie şi au început să umble pe insulă să vadă ce fel de pământ era acolo, pentru că vedeau flori diferite, păsări diferite faţă de ce văzuseră în ţara lor. Şi, aşezându-se ei să mănânce, văd deodată trei oameni care fugeau şi ziceau aşa: – Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi. Atâta spuneau, dar, vorbind în limba corăbierilor, aceştia îi înţelegeau. Şi toţi se întrebau ce e cu aceşti oameni, aşa că au alergat după ei prin pădure, i-au înconjurat şi i-au dus apoi la comandantul corabiei. Acesta i-a întrebat: Citeşte şi: Minunea NU s-a petrecut: Norul deosebit NU a coborât peste biserica ortodoxă de pe Muntele Tabor în timpul Sfintei Liturghii – De unde sunteţi voi? De când staţi aici? Dar aceia păreau că îşi uitaseră limba, pentru că nu spuneau decât “Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi”. Apoi, uşor au început să spună: – Acum vreo 30 de ani, aproape de această insulă s-a sfărâmat o corabie. Noi eram copii şi am ajuns aici pe câteva scânduri. Erau şi părinţii noştri pe vapor, dar ei au murit. Şi trăim aici de atunci. – Şi din ce trăiţi? – Am găsit aici de mâncare, că sunt nişte pomi pe insulă, cu seminţe, fructe. Atunci marinarii le-au lăsat din mâncarea pe care o aveau la ei, apoi i-au mai întrebat despre viaţa lor pe insulă. Căpitanul le-a spus: – Noi plecăm mâine. N-aţi vrea să veniţi cu noi? – Noi nu mergem nicăieri, vrem să rămânem aici. Avem tot ce ne trebuie şi suntem fericiţi. – Dar ce sunt vorbele acestea pe care le tot spuneţi mereu: “Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi”? Citeşte şi: Nu contează când murim, dar contează cum ne află clipa morţii – Când eram mici am auzit de la părinţii noştri că Dumnezeul nostru este Treime. Unul se cheamă Tatăl, altul Fiul şi altul Duhul Sfânt. Ei nu ştiau că e un Dumnezeu în trei persoane. – Şi ne-am gândit că dacă Ei sunt în cer şi noi pe pământ, să ne rugăm ca Aceia trei din cer să ne miluiască pe noi trei de pe pământ. Această rugăciune o ştim: “Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi”. Pe vapor era şi un episcop care mergea la Sfintele Locuri. Şi el a spus către preoţii care călătoreau şi ei: – Săracii, nici rugăciunea “Tatăl nostru” nu o ştiu. Haideţi, dacă tot înnoptăm aici, să îi învăţăm. Şi i-au învăţat preoţii cum să se roage, iar dimineaţa corabia, care fusese reparată, a plecat. În timp ce vaporul se îndepărta, unul din cei trei a zis: – Eu am uitat, voi mai ştiţi? – Nici eu nu mai ştiu. Citeşte şi: Sfântul Isaac Sirul: Din experienţa dobândită în necazuri se naşte înţelepciunea – Haideţi după vapor, că nu este departe. Şi au început să fugă pe apă ca pe uscat şi ziceau către cei de pe corabie: – Mai staţi, mai staţi! Cei de pe corabie, văzând că aceştia mergeau pe apă, s-au înspăimântat. Corabia a încetinit şi ei s-au putut apropia şi au zis: – Am uitat “Tatăl nostru”. Iar episcopul, văzând că merg pe apă fără să se afunde, precum Hristos a mers pe mare, le-a spus: – Nu mai ziceţi “Tatăl nostru”, ci cum aţi zis până acum, că este bine. Atunci cei trei s-au prins de mână pe apă şi, plini de bucurie, au zis “Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi” până ce au ajuns la mal. Iată puterea rugăciunii şi a credinţei! Ei şi-au dorit să cunoască învăţătura despre Sfânta Treime, dar nu au putut să o descopere dintr-odată. Ei ştiau de un Dumnezeu în trei persoane şi se rugau neîncetat, dar când ziceau aceasta, o rosteau din toată inima. Iar Dumnezeu le-a dat să fie sfinţi.

Trei voi, trei noi, miluieşte-ne pe noi! Odată, o corabie cu câteva sute de oameni călătorea spre Ierusalim 👉 https://c.aparatorul.md/akm64 👈 #Dumnezeu #Episcop #Ierusalim #insula #rugăciune #SfântaTreime #sfinţi #SfinteleLocuri #TatălNostru #Treime
https://c.aparatorul.md/akm64

@neurus09.bsky.social

10 months ago

Leyendo sus poemas, se fue haciendo el mío con (...) la visión de su impecable cotona de campesino, blanca, bien planchada, los pantalones vaqueros, su uniforme eterno, su boina. Lo imaginé otra vez en su viaje al cosmos🪔
#GiocondaBelli #ErnestoCardenal #Insula #editorialespasa

Brian O'Blivion 🅰️👁

@boblivion.bsky.social

11 months ago

#quotes #books #booksky #excerpts #citations #selfbeyonditself #ravven #mirrorneuron #limbic #insula #brain #emotion #sympathy #neurobiology #mirror #neuron

PLOS Biology

@plosbiology.org

11 months ago

Stimuli used for the experimental task. Complete, recognizable examples of object categories and morphed, unrecognizable versions of the same images (cupcake, zucchini, pliers, paint brush, car, cement mixer, heron, skunk). In Experiment 1, the stimuli set was composed of 40 complete images in each of the four categories. In Experiment 2, a subset of 30 complete images per category was employed. All images presented in this figure are included in the BOSS image database and written permission to employ these images in this figure has been kindly granted by the owner.

How does sensory information construct representations in the human brain? This study shows that a network including prefrontal & posterior #ParietalCortex & anterior #insula has a key role in translating perceptual information to concepts, semantics & action plans 🧪 @plosbiology.org plos.io/4lbXN2b

PLOS Biology

@plosbiology.org

11 months ago

Stimuli used for the experimental task. Complete, recognizable examples of object categories and morphed, unrecognizable versions of the same images (cupcake, zucchini, pliers, paint brush, car, cement mixer, heron, skunk). In Experiment 1, the stimuli set was composed of 40 complete images in each of the four categories. In Experiment 2, a subset of 30 complete images per category was employed. All images presented in this figure are included in the BOSS image database and written permission to employ these images in this figure has been kindly granted by the owner.

How does sensory information construct representations in the human brain? This study shows that a network including prefrontal & posterior #ParietalCortex & anterior #insula has a key role in translating perceptual information to concepts, semantics & action plans 🧪 @plosbiology.org plos.io/4lbXN2b

PLOS Biology

@plosbiology.org

11 months ago

Stimuli used for the experimental task. Complete, recognizable examples of object categories and morphed, unrecognizable versions of the same images (cupcake, zucchini, pliers, paint brush, car, cement mixer, heron, skunk). In Experiment 1, the stimuli set was composed of 40 complete images in each of the four categories. In Experiment 2, a subset of 30 complete images per category was employed. All images presented in this figure are included in the BOSS image database and written permission to employ these images in this figure has been kindly granted by the owner.

How does sensory information construct representations in the human brain? This study shows that a network including prefrontal & posterior #ParietalCortex & anterior #insula has a key role in translating perceptual information to concepts, semantics & action plans 🧪 @plosbiology.org plos.io/4lbXN2b

PsyPost

@psypost.bsky.social

1 year ago

Individuals with thicker insula brain region take more cocaine when given a chance, study finds Individuals with thicker insulae and higher caudate gray matter volumes administered more cocaine, with women self-administering more than men. Results suggest links between brain structure and compulsive drug use behaviors.

Individuals with thicker insulae and higher caudate gray matter volumes administered more cocaine, with women self-administering more than men. Results suggest links between brain structure and compulsive drug use behaviors. #CocaineResearch #BrainStructure #Insula #AddictionScience #DrugBehavior

Gerardo Salvato

@gerardosalvato.bsky.social

1 year ago

🧵3/5 Lesion mapping reveals associations in the right operculum and #insula, indicating that these regions are linked to lower skin #temperature. Deficits in #thermoception are associated with the same brain regions, but more anteriorly.

Anthony Majanlahti

@anthonymajanlahti.bsky.social

1 year ago

ELECTORAL GRAFFITI, 79 CE (?). MUSEO ARCHEOLOGICO NAZIONALE DI NAPOLI VETTIVM FIRMVM / ÆD(ILIS) O(RO) V(OS) F(ACIATIS) D(IGNVM) R(EI) P(VBLICAE) "I pray you to make Vettius Firmus aedile, worthy of the public administration". This is one of quite a few endorsements of Firmus found all around Pompeii. The family was prominent and the job was annual: it was also an important magistracy in the city, responsible for the maintenance of temples and keeping public order in the brothels, guaranteeing the grain supply, and holding the public games. This painted inscription in rustic cursive makes heavy use of abbreviations, which refer to formulae that were obviously so common as not to need writing out. The compression of ÆD into a sort of hieroglyph is particularly notable.

#EpigraphyTuesday brings us to #Pompeii via #Naples to see some #electoral #graffiti in red paint taken off the exterior of an #insula. Vote for Vettius Firmus! Cleaner temples, more grain, better games, and tidier brothels!

Anthony Majanlahti

@anthonymajanlahti.bsky.social

1 year ago

COLLAPSED MOSAIC FLOOR, C3-C4. PALAZZO SPADA The beautiful C16 palazzo Capodiferro Spada today houses the Consiglio di Stato. The councillors of State, among the most shadowy and powerful figures in Italian politics, aren't constrained by the conservation rules that rein in lesser persons and in fact built a parking garage under the Baroque garden in 2014. A previous attempt to built an underground garage in 1994-2000 uncovered, to their dismay, a large ancient insula of the C3-C4 CE under the wing of the palazzo along vicolo del Polverone. Here we can see the well-conserved remains of the collapsed ancient apartment building, evidently of wealthy tenants, with broken black and white mosaics showing geometric and floral designs, one floor fallen onto the one below in a violent earthquake, possibly one of the two devastating tremors of the C9. Naturally this excavation is not ever open to the public: the official reason is that the metal walkways are "unstable". It would take a bureaucratic earthquake of massive proportions to shake the doors open.

For #MosaicMonday I'm forced to use a 📸 by #MassimoOsanna to show a spectacular site inaccessible to the public, a collapsed deluxe #insula with splendid #mosaic floors under the #Renaissance #palazzoSpada in central #Rome. Open for about 5 minutes in 2000, closed ever since.

Allen Tien, MD, MHS mdlogix.com 94,698 田一彦

@allentien.bsky.social

1 year ago

How Do We Experience the Pain of Other People? - Neuroscience News The ability to empathize, or share the pain of others is mapped onto neurons in the insula, a new study reports.

neurosciencenews.com/insula-empat...

#Pain #Empathy #BrainFunction #Insula

#SharedFacts #HealthScience