Figure 1 from "Multimodal AI generates virtual population for tumor microenvironment modeling" by Valanarasu et al. (Cell Stem Cell 2025 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.016) with the following caption: "GigaTIME enables population-scale tumor immune microenvironment analysis
(A) GigaTIME inputs a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) whole-slide image and outputs multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) across 21 protein channels. By applying GigaTIME to 14,256 patients, we generated a virtual population with mIF information, leading to population-scale discovery on clinical biomarkers and patient stratification, with independent validation on TCGA.
(B) Circular plot visualizing a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) spectrum encompassing the GigaTIME-translated virtual mIF activation scores across different protein channels at the population scale, where each channel is represented as an individual circular bar chart segment. The inner circle encodes OncoTree, which classifies 14,256 patients into 306 subtypes across 24 cancer types. The outer circle groups these activations by cancer types, allowing visual comparison across major categories.
(C) Scatter plot comparing the subtype-level GigaTIME-translated virtual mIF activations between TCGA and Providence virtual populations. Each dot denotes the average activation score of a protein channel among all tumors of a cancer subtype."
With just a $10 routine microscopy slide, scientists can now generate a virtual population for modeling the tumor microenvironment, helping to stratify patients and bringing the promise of #digitaltwins even closer.
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